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class="articleInfo-wrap" data-v-0c557b5e><div class="articleInfo" data-v-0c557b5e><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-0c557b5e><li data-v-0c557b5e><a href="/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-0c557b5e></a></li> <li data-v-0c557b5e><a href="/note/linux/#System-Linux" data-v-0c557b5e>System-Linux</a></li><li data-v-0c557b5e><a href="/note/linux/#基础" data-v-0c557b5e>基础</a></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-0c557b5e><div title="作者" class="author iconfont icon-touxiang" data-v-0c557b5e><a href="https://github.com/shetengteng" target="_blank" title="作者" class="beLink" data-v-0c557b5e>Shetengteng</a></div> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-0c557b5e><a href="javascript:;" data-v-0c557b5e>2022-02-26</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><!---->磁盘分区与挂载<!----></h1>  <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><h2 id="分区的方式"><a href="#分区的方式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 分区的方式</h2> <h3 id="mbr分区"><a href="#mbr分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> MBR分区</h3> <p>最多支持4个分区</p> <p>系统只能安装在主分区</p> <p>扩展分区占一个主分区</p> <p>MBR 最大只支持2TB，但是兼容性最好</p> <h3 id="gtp分区"><a href="#gtp分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> GTP分区</h3> <p>支持无限多个分区，但是操作系统可能有限（windows最多128分区）</p> <p>最大支持18EB的大容量（1EB=1024PB，1PB=1024TB）</p> <p>windows7 64位以后支持GTP</p> <h2 id="windows下的分区"><a href="#windows下的分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> windows下的分区</h2> <p>划分主分区和多个逻辑分区</p> <h2 id="linux-分区"><a href="#linux-分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> linux 分区</h2> <p>介绍</p> <ul><li>linux 无论有几个分区，分给哪一个目录使用，本质上就只有一个根目录，一个独立且唯一的文件结构</li> <li>linux 中每个分区都是用来组成整个文件系统的一部分</li> <li>linux 采用了一种<code>挂载</code> 的处理方式，整个文件系统包含了一整套的文件和目录，<strong>将一个分区和一个目录联系起来</strong>，要载入一个分区将使它的存储空间在一个目录下获得</li></ul> <p>硬盘说明</p> <ul><li>linux 硬盘分为IDE硬盘和SCSI硬盘，目前基本上是SCSI硬盘</li> <li>对于IDE硬盘
<ul><li>驱动器标识符为 hdx~
<ul><li>hd 表示分区所在的设备类型，表示IDE</li> <li>x 为盘号，(a 为基本盘，b 为基本从属盘，c 为辅助盘，d 为辅助从属盘)</li> <li>~ 代表分区，前4个分区用1到4表示，主要是主分区或扩展分区，5开始是逻辑分区</li> <li>hda3 表示第一个IDE硬盘上的第三个主分区或扩展分区</li> <li>hdb2 表示第二个IDE硬盘上的第二个主分区或扩展分区</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>对于SCSI硬盘
<ul><li>驱动标识符为 sdx~
<ul><li>sd 表示SCSI</li> <li>其余和IDE一致</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h3 id="lsblk-查看当前系统分区"><a href="#lsblk-查看当前系统分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> lsblk 查看当前系统分区</h3> <p>lsblk -f 查看系统的分区和挂载的情况</p> <div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code>lsblk -f

NAME    FSTYPE LABEL UUID                                 MOUNTPOINT
sr0
sda
<span class="token operator">|</span>——sda1 ext4         b3ece1f6-9547-4352-b6f5-a36486d09853 /boot
<span class="token operator">|</span>——sda2 swap         3320095d-1416-43f9-a9c5-a3758880e4d3 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>SWAP<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span>——sda3 ext4         278ce4a9-406c-4b4d-9d97-cf480e0d218f /
<span class="token comment">#分区情况 分区类型      唯一标识分区的40位不重复的字符串          挂载点</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code>lsblk

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM SIZE   R0 TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sr0    <span class="token number">11</span>:0    <span class="token number">1</span>  1024M  <span class="token number">0</span>  rom
sda     <span class="token number">8</span>:0    <span class="token number">0</span>    20G  <span class="token number">0</span>  disk
<span class="token operator">|</span>-sda1  <span class="token number">8</span>:1    <span class="token number">0</span>   200M  <span class="token number">0</span>  part  /boot
<span class="token operator">|</span>-sda2  <span class="token number">8</span>:2    <span class="token number">0</span>     2G  <span class="token number">0</span>  part  <span class="token punctuation">[</span>SWAP<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span>-sda3  <span class="token number">8</span>:3    <span class="token number">0</span>  <span class="token number">17</span>.8G  <span class="token number">0</span>  part  /
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h2 id="挂载案例"><a href="#挂载案例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 挂载案例</h2> <p>给linux系统增加一个新的硬盘，挂载到/home/newdisk（mound 挂载，unmount 卸载）</p> <ul><li>通过上面查看分区可以得出
<ul><li>sda1 目前挂载目录是 /boot</li> <li>sda2 是SWAP</li> <li>sda3 目前挂载的是 /</li></ul></li> <li>增加一个2G硬盘 sdb1 到 /home/newdisk 目录</li></ul> <p>思路</p> <ul><li>虚拟机添加硬盘</li> <li>分区 <code>fdisk /dev/sdb</code></li> <li>格式化 <code>mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1</code></li> <li>挂载，先创建/home/newdisk目录，执行挂载 <code>mount /dev/sdb1 /home/newdisk</code></li> <li>设置可以自动挂载（永久挂载，系统重启，依然挂载到/home/newdisk）</li></ul> <h3 id="虚拟机添加磁盘"><a href="#虚拟机添加磁盘" class="header-anchor">#</a> 虚拟机添加磁盘</h3> <p>在【虚拟机】菜单中，选择【设置】，设备列表中添加硬盘，继续下一步，到中间选择磁盘大小时进行修改，最后重启系统</p> <img src="/assets/img/mount-disk1.fc7589ee.png" style="zoom:67%;"> <h3 id="分区"><a href="#分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> 分区</h3> <p>分区命令 <code>fdisk /dev/sdb</code>，对/sdb进行分区</p> <ul><li>m 显示命令列表</li> <li>p 显示磁盘分区 同 fdisk -l</li> <li>n 新增分区</li> <li>d 删除分区</li> <li>w 写入并退出</li></ul> <p>开始分区后输入n，新增分区，然后选择p，分区类型为主分区，2次回车默认剩余全部空间，最后输入w写入分区并退出，如果不保存退出输入q</p> <h3 id="格式化磁盘"><a href="#格式化磁盘" class="header-anchor">#</a> 格式化磁盘</h3> <p>命令 mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1</p> <ul><li>ext4是分区类型</li></ul> <h3 id="挂载"><a href="#挂载" class="header-anchor">#</a> 挂载</h3> <p>将一个分区和一个目录联系起来</p> <p>挂载命令</p> <ul><li>mount 设备名称 挂载目录</li></ul> <p>应用实例</p> <ul><li>mount /dev/sdb1 /home/newdisk</li></ul> <p>卸载命令</p> <ul><li>unmount 设备名称或挂载目录</li></ul> <p>应用实例</p> <ul><li>unmount /dev/sdb1 或者 unmount /home/newdisk</li></ul> <h3 id="永久挂载"><a href="#永久挂载" class="header-anchor">#</a> 永久挂载</h3> <p>通过修改/etc/fstab 实现挂载</p> <div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code><span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/fstab

/dev/sdb1 /home/newdisk ext4 defaults 00
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><p>添加完成后，执行 mount -a 即刻生效</p> <h2 id="df-h-查看磁盘空间使用情况"><a href="#df-h-查看磁盘空间使用情况" class="header-anchor">#</a> df -h 查看磁盘空间使用情况</h2> <blockquote><p>disk free 剩余磁盘，列出系统的整体磁盘的使用量，检查文件系统的磁盘空间占用情况</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>df 选项</li></ul> <p>选项</p> <ul><li>-h 	以GBytes，MBytes，KBytes显示</li></ul> <p>应用实例</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 tartest<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -h</span>
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2        15G  <span class="token number">3</span>.6G   11G  <span class="token number">26</span>% /
tmpfs           996M   72K  996M   <span class="token number">1</span>% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1        93M   39M   50M  <span class="token number">44</span>% /boot
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h2 id="du-h-查询指定目录的磁盘占用"><a href="#du-h-查询指定目录的磁盘占用" class="header-anchor">#</a> du -h 查询指定目录的磁盘占用</h2> <blockquote><p>查询指定目录的磁盘占用情况，默认为当前目录</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>du 选项 目录</li></ul> <p>选项</p> <ul><li><p>-h  以GBytes，MBytes，KBytes显示</p></li> <li><p>-s  指定目录占用大小汇总</p></li> <li><p>-a  含文件</p></li> <li><p>--max-depth=1 子目录深度</p></li> <li><p>-c  列出明细的同时，增加汇总值</p></li></ul> <p>应用实例</p> <ul><li>查询 /opt 目录磁盘占用情况，深度为1
<ul><li>du -ach --max-depth=1 /opt</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="统计文件夹下文件数目"><a href="#统计文件夹下文件数目" class="header-anchor">#</a> 统计文件夹下文件数目</h2> <p>执行命令，统计/home目录下文件数目，判断文件类型，进行grep操作，<code>-</code> 表示文件</p> <ul><li>ls -l /home | grep &quot;^-&quot; | wc -l</li></ul> <p>统计文件个数，包括子文件夹</p> <ul><li>ls -lR /home | grep &quot;^-&quot; | wc -l</li></ul> <h2 id="统计文件下目录数目"><a href="#统计文件下目录数目" class="header-anchor">#</a> 统计文件下目录数目</h2> <p>执行命令</p> <ul><li>ls -l /home | grep &quot;^d&quot; | wc -l</li></ul> <p>包括子文件夹</p> <ul><li>ls -lR /home | grep &quot;^d&quot; | wc -l</li></ul> <h2 id="以树状结构显示目录"><a href="#以树状结构显示目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> 以树状结构显示目录</h2> <p>安装tree</p> <ul><li>yum install tree</li></ul> <p>执行命令</p> <ul><li>tree</li></ul> <h2 id="fdisk-查看分区"><a href="#fdisk-查看分区" class="header-anchor">#</a> fdisk 查看分区</h2> <p>该命令在root用户下使用</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">fdisk</span> -l 
选项：
-l	显示所有硬盘的分区情况
	
示例：
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 tartest<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># fdisk -l</span>

Disk /dev/sda: <span class="token number">21.5</span> GB, <span class="token number">21474836480</span> bytes
<span class="token number">255</span> heads, <span class="token number">63</span> sectors/track, <span class="token number">2610</span> cylinders
Units <span class="token operator">=</span> cylinders of <span class="token number">16065</span> * <span class="token number">512</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">8225280</span> bytes
Sector size <span class="token punctuation">(</span>logical/physical<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">512</span> bytes / <span class="token number">512</span> bytes
I/O size <span class="token punctuation">(</span>minimum/optimal<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">512</span> bytes / <span class="token number">512</span> bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000e985b

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           <span class="token number">1</span>          <span class="token number">13</span>      <span class="token number">102400</span>   <span class="token number">83</span>  Linux
Partition <span class="token number">1</span> does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              <span class="token number">13</span>        <span class="token number">1972</span>    <span class="token number">15728640</span>   <span class="token number">83</span>  Linux
/dev/sda3            <span class="token number">1972</span>        <span class="token number">2233</span>     <span class="token number">2097152</span>   <span class="token number">82</span>  Linux swap / Solaris
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br></div></div><p>Linux分区：</p> <ul><li>Device：分区序列</li> <li>Boot：引导</li> <li>Start：从X磁柱开始</li> <li>End：到Y磁柱结束</li> <li>Id：分区类型id</li> <li>System：分区类型</li></ul> <h2 id="mount-umount-挂载-卸载"><a href="#mount-umount-挂载-卸载" class="header-anchor">#</a> mount/umount 挂载/卸载</h2> <blockquote><p>在Linux中，每个分区都是用来组成整个文件系统的一部分，使用挂载的处理方法，整个系统包含一整套文件和目录，将一个分区和一个目录联系起来。要载入的那个分区将使它的存储空间在整个目录下获得</p></blockquote> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">mount</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-t vfstype<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>-o options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> device <span class="token function">dir</span>
	挂载设备
<span class="token function">umount</span> 设备名称或挂载点
	卸载设备

参数：
-t vfstype 
	指定文件系统的类型，通常不用指定，mount会自动选择正确的类型
	常用类型：
		光盘或光盘镜像：iso9660
		DOS fat16文件系统 msdos
		Windows 9x fat32 文件系统 vfat
		Windows NT ntfs 文件系统 ntfs
		Mount Windows 文件网络共享 smbfs
		UNIX<span class="token punctuation">(</span>LINUX<span class="token punctuation">)</span> 文件网络共享 nfs
-o options
	主要用来描述设备或档案的挂接方式
	loop 把一个文件当成银盘分区挂接上系统
	ro 采用只读的方式挂接设备
	rw 采用读写的方式挂接设备
	iocharset 指定访问文件系统所用字符集
device	要挂接的设备 <span class="token function">mount</span>
<span class="token function">dir</span>		设备在系统上的挂节点 <span class="token function">mount</span> point

示例：挂载光盘镜像文件
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /home/cdrom</span>
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cd cdrom/</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 cdrom<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ll</span>
总用量 <span class="token number">558</span>
-r--r--r--. <span class="token number">2</span> root root     <span class="token number">14</span> <span class="token number">5</span>月  <span class="token number">22</span> <span class="token number">2016</span> CentOS_BuildTag
dr-xr-xr-x. <span class="token number">3</span> root root   <span class="token number">2048</span> <span class="token number">5</span>月  <span class="token number">22</span> <span class="token number">2016</span> EFI
-r--r--r--. <span class="token number">2</span> root root    <span class="token number">212</span> <span class="token number">11</span>月 <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">2013</span> EULA
-r--r--r--. <span class="token number">2</span> root root  <span class="token number">18009</span> <span class="token number">11</span>月 <span class="token number">27</span> <span class="token number">2013</span> GPL
dr-xr-xr-x. <span class="token number">3</span> root root   <span class="token number">2048</span> <span class="token number">5</span>月  <span class="token number">23</span> <span class="token number">2016</span> images
<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
<span class="token comment"># 卸载</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># umount /home/cdrom/</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br></div></div><p>设置开机自动挂载</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">vi</span> /etc/fstab
<span class="token comment"># 添加第16行</span>
<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
<span class="token number">14</span> sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
<span class="token number">15</span> proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
<span class="token number">16</span> /dev/cdrom              /home/cdrom             iso9660 defaults        <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div></div></div>  <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">Last Updated:</span> <span class="time">2022/03/20, 10:04:55</span></div></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><div class="page-nav-centre-wrap"><a href="/pages/7fd218/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-prev"><div class="tooltip">任务调度</div></a> <a href="/pages/bc0b1e/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-next"><div class="tooltip">网络配置</div></a></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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